• We are now running on a new, and hopefully much-improved, server. In addition we are also on new forum software. Any move entails a lot of technical details and I suspect we will encounter a few issues as the new server goes live. Please be patient with us. It will be worth it! :) Please help by posting all issues here.
  • The forum will be down for about an hour this weekend for maintenance. I apologize for the inconvenience.
  • If you are having trouble seeing the forum then you may need to clear your browser's DNS cache. Click here for instructions on how to do that
  • Please review the Forum Rules frequently as we are constantly trying to improve the forum for our members and visitors.

Ask LEO a question

Hawkflyer

Founder's Club Member
Joined
Feb 21, 2007
Messages
3,309
Location
Prince William County, Virginia, USA
imported post

jimwyant wrote:
Here's a scenario for LEO229.  I posted this in another thread, milliseconds before the Manassas thread went crazy, so I'm reposting here. 

Let's say I'm walking down a public street in a residential neighborhood, minding my own business, taking an evening stroll, about an hour before sunset.  ...SNIP ... I am, however, openly carrying both an H&K USP45 in a holster, and a Benelli shotgun secured via a quality sling.  ...Snip ... What, if anything would you do? 

...SNIP...

What if instead of early evening, it is 1AM, and I am also carrying a flashlight, which I am using between street lights? ... SNIP ...

If, in either scenario, you choose to stop and chat, assume that I am polite and courteous, but claim not to be carrying an ID, and decline to volunteer any details about why I am there, where I am going, or why I am armed.  How would you handle the situation, and why? 

I'm just looking for a current LEO's opinion on this.  If you'd rather not answer, no problem. 

I will not speak for a Patrol Officer on this one, but you might have more trouble with a game enforcement Agent. Game enforcement was more my area of enforcement work, before I moved on to other things. If you were carrying as described, and shining your light into areas where game such as deer might be found, in many states you could be arrested for spotlighting. Some game codes do not allow a person to carry a flashlight AND a loaded weapon while casting light into areas where game might found. You would have to check this for each state, they are all unique. If you got arrested for such a violation, you might expect additional charges to be piled on under the same game codes.

I'll look around and see if I can edit in a specific code link on this point.

Regards
 

bellbw

Regular Member
Joined
Jan 20, 2007
Messages
48
Location
, ,
imported post

LeagueOf1291 wrote:
The test is whether you have a reasonable fear of serious bodily harm or death. If the guy says he has a gun, and acts like he has a gun, and threatens you as if he had a gun, then you have a reasonable fear of serious bodily harm or death.

And I don't know about you, but if I just saw a guy break someone's nose and laugh, and then he eyes me and heads in my direction, my hand's going for my piece.
No doubt about my hand going for my gun in either situation. I just want to know the legalities on it.
 

LeagueOf1291

Regular Member
Joined
Feb 25, 2007
Messages
328
Location
Buffalo Valley, Tennessee, USA
imported post

Right, the legalities are the reasonableness test. "Would a reasonable man have thought that he was at substantial risk of imminent bodily harm or death." If so, then you can use deadly force to defend yourself.
 

Hawkflyer

Founder's Club Member
Joined
Feb 21, 2007
Messages
3,309
Location
Prince William County, Virginia, USA
imported post

Bellbw-

Bear with me while I relate a story that may answer your question.

A neighbors 18 year old son had a "pitbull" type dog that he routinely allowed to run free. The dog began to show up on my property regularly. There are almost 800 yards and two other properties between my house and this neighbors property. On a few occasions I spoke with his parents and asked them to speak to their son and have him control the dogs wanderings.

After repeated attempts had failed to produce results, as a last resort, I spoke to Prince William Animal Control. They told me they had already received complaints on this dog from every other neighbor within 5 houses of my own, and advised they could do nothing unless they actually caught the dog off it's property. They suggested that I had a right to dispatch the dog if it was on my property and becoming a nuisance. In my mind killing the dog for the errors of an irresponsible owner would be an absolute last resort.

One morning my wife was walking our two dogs (on leash) in our driveway. They were perhaps 300 feet from our nearest property line, In other-words they were well within our property. Out of nowhere the neighbors dog appeared and tried to attack them. She was barely able to keep our two shepherd size dogs under control and get them back into the house. The "visiting" dog followed them as far as the porch. By the time I got outside to enter the fray the dog was gone.

I went to the neighbors house to discuss the matter, and was met by the dog in the driveway. It would not allow me to exit the car safely (ok since I was in his yard now). The 18 year old son soon appeared as well, and I spoke to him from the car. I explained the situation, and asked him again to control the dog. What happened next was a very near disaster.

I explained that based on advice from Animal control that the dog could be legally shot if it was causing problems on the land of another. The young man, who fashioned himself as a bit of a gangster, put a cigarette in his mouth, looked me straight in the eye and said "Well suppose I just get my gun and blow you F..ing head off".

He then reached into his pants pocket and as his hand returned into view I caught a glint of metal. I unholstered my concealed .45 and began to bring it to bear. The object in his hand appeared to me to be a .25 auto sized pistol, which he raised to his head level and slowly moved toward the cigarette. For me time stopped, because I knew I was about to have to shoot this kid in self defense. Imagine my surprise, when without pointing the gun at me he pulled the trigger and lit the cigarette. Only then did I realize that what he had was a lighter modeled after a .25 auto.

He was so focused on his attitude and projecting his bravado that he never saw my weapon, and I lowered it to the floor of the truck and set it down, as by then it was clear to me that he was all about bluster and was not a threat. I opened the door and stepped to the ground so he could see I was about 6 inches taller and 30 pounds heaver than he was. And tried to calmly explain to him the concept of "fighting words" and how he should consider carefully how he communicated with people he did not know. He backed off, and walked away muttering somehting I could not hear.

Well to shorten an already too long story, I left. When I got to work I contacted the Prince William Police and requested to speak to the duty Officer. I related the entire story and asked to have an Officer meet me the next morning to accompany me to the neighbors house to talk to this young mans parents. This is not standard proceedue, but he reluctantly agreed. I wanted an Officer along to not only keep the peace, but to explain the law to the kid. During that conversation, the duty Officer informed me that I would probably have been justified in shoot this young man under the described circumstances. Especially since the dog was also present and under his control at the time (two weapons - His words not mine)

So here is the kicker. I met the Officer at my house and we drive over to the neighbors house. The parents come out and we discuss the matter with them. At that point the Officer requests to talk to their son. They call him out, and through body language, and responses he is making it clear that he thinks he has done nothing wrong and the whole situation is bogus.

As we are all standing there the kid gets out a cigarette, reaches in his pocket, and pulls out the lighter. Instantly the Officer draws down on him and orders him to freeze. His parents run out into the yard clear of all of us, and the kid freezes and just stares at the Officer. The Officer orders the kid to "Drop the gun". In astonishment the kid starts to say something, but the Officer interrupts him, and screaming this time, orders him to drop the gun and get on the ground, He still acted slowly, and was again ordered to drop the gun. Finally he drops it, but then comments that it is just a lighter.

Finally the lighter is in the hands of the Officer, and after a long discussion about the law, the nature of threatening behavior, and a lot of other subjects, the Officer tells the kid he better get rid of the lighter because it is going to get him killed. We all part ways. But not before the Officer told me that under the conditions of an immediate threat to inflict injury or death, the appearance of what any reasonable person would assume was a gun, I would have in fact been legally justified in shooting. So would the Officer by the way.

The situation that prompted me to write this described a situation that is related but a little less clear because there is no object resembling a weapon (capacity to carry out the threat) in your hypothesis.

Now before anyone jumps on this. We all know that a lot of people will claim they would have shot the kid. Others will claim I over reacted. You had to be there and you wern't so save the commments in those areas amd focus the discussion on the question justification for shooting. Had I taken this kid the day before or had the Officer done so, I would not have found ANY solace in the fact that the shooting was justified when it turned out to be just a lighter.

As an interesting side note, six months later this same kid knifed a 19 year old man in Ocean City MD, and subsequently fled the country to live with his uncle overseas.

As to another simular question raised by someone else-

After another incident I was told by an Officer that even being confronted by a group of people who threaten you with serious injury or possible death where no weapon is displayed, you could use deadly force to defend your self. In that case being significantly outnumbered makes it so unlikely that you could defend your self that alone constitutes the ability to carry out the threat of serious injury or death, and their proximity to you makes carrying out the threat possible. However it is required of a person carrying concealed in such a situation to put the potential attackers on notice that you are armed and prepared to defend yourself. You may even have to try to retreat, and of course there is the "First cause" doctrine that may come into play.

Most important people reading this should not take it as legal advice. You have to decide on your own what to do when you see the elephant. It is however what I was told by two Officers for two specific incidents. Obviously the prosecutor in your area is the final word on charges. These are just examples of what I have been told after a few incidents I have been involved with. Your mileage WILL vary, and if you do shoot you should probably expect that you will be arrested and prosecuted (probably sued too), even if the shooting was justified. That is just the way things are. So please if you have questions about what might be legal and what might not, consult a lawyer.

Regards
 

HankT

State Researcher
Joined
Feb 20, 2007
Messages
6,215
Location
Invisible Mode
imported post

Hawkflyer wrote:
Now before anyone jumps on this. We all know that a lot of people will claim they would have shot the kid. Others will claim I over reacted. You had to be there and you wern't so save the commments in those areas amd focus the discussion on the question justification for shooting. Had I taken this kid the day before or had the Officer done so, I would not have found ANY solace in the fact that the shooting was justified when it turned out to be just a lighter.
Not having been there is not a bar to making comments about your actions in the situation you yourself describe. When you post a description of an actual event on a public forum it is there for people to comment on.

Of course, comments can range from being wise and incisive to superficial and stupid. It's up to the posters of comments to decide what the level of their comments will be and it's up to the readers to interpret those comments for what they are. This "you had to be there" constraint is false. It's nonsense. Depending on the known information, anyone is capabable of making a valid, analytical, orotherwise helpfulcomment about a situation that is posted on a forum. Of course, people are also capable of making absurdly wrong or simplistic comments, too. But it is pretty apparent, either way. Also, of course, sometimes there is simply not enough information known in a situation that is posted here to make really good comments. Those situations are also very apparent and care must be taken to qualify one's comments about a situation where there is little hard info.

My critical analysisof your description leads me tobelieve thatyou handled the specific situation with the kid and the lighter/gun very well--to your lasting credit and mental well being. You also handled the general situation with the dog problems very methodically and responsibly--even though resolution of the problems was exceedingly slow doing it as you did. You seem to be a man of nice judgment, sir. Either you or the officer shooting that kid would have been a tragedy, IMO. Almost assuredly justified--but a tragedy nonetheless.

I don't see anything wrong with people commenting, either favorably or negatively, to accounts such as yours.Let people say what's on their mind. Let a discussion,argument or contestation of ideas ensue.
 

Hawkflyer

Founder's Club Member
Joined
Feb 21, 2007
Messages
3,309
Location
Prince William County, Virginia, USA
imported post

HankT wrote:
Hawkflyer wrote:
Now before anyone jumps on this. We all know that a lot of people will claim they would have shot the kid. Others will claim I over reacted. You had to be there and you wern't so save the comments in those areas and focus the discussion on the question justification for shooting. Had I taken this kid the day before or had the Officer done so, I would not have found ANY solace in the fact that the shooting was justified when it turned out to be just a lighter.
Not having been there is not a bar to making comments about your actions in the situation you yourself describe. When you post a description of an actual event on a public forum it is there for people to comment on. ...SNIP...

You are of course correct in this assertion. But I have heard to much bravado from too many people who have obviously not been in a shoot/no shoot situation (although to the credit of this forum I have not see a lot of it here). Perhaps I could have chosen my words better, but this is not about bravado and what someone else would have done to this kid. What we are discussing is areas of probable cause for justifiable shootings.

The only reason I related this story in detail was to show the incident in context as an example similar to the original posts question as regards the presence of an actual weapon verses what appears to be a weapon.

For my poor choice of words I apologize. It was not my intent to prevent people from speaking, only to channel the discussion to the topic.

As an aside thank you for your supportive comments. Actually, the Police had been called concerning this young man a number of times. The evening of my visit with the Officer in tow, his parents came by my house and actually thanked me for handling this the way I did and not simply calling the Police and filing yet another complaint as others had done. It seems this young man was threatening his parents and was quite out of control and they did not know how to deal with it. They thought that days meeting had been productive and instructive for him.

Regards
 

LEO 229

Regular Member
Joined
Feb 21, 2007
Messages
7,606
Location
USA
imported post

jimwyant wrote:
Let's say I'm walking down a public street in a residential neighborhood, minding my own business, taking an evening stroll, about an hour before sunset. Nothing about the way I'm carrying myself is suspicious. There have been no recent reports of any crimes committed in which the perpetrators in any way resemble me or the way I am dressed. I am, however, openly carrying both an H&K USP45 in a holster, and a Benelli shotgun secured via a quality sling. You are on duty, and happen to drive by and observe me. For the record, there is obviously no question as to whether or not I am over the age of 21. What, if anything would you do?

Consider the same scenario, but instead of "happening to drive by and see me", someone called to report my presence - no suspicious activity beyond the presence of the weapons, just a "concerned citizen" who wouldn't take "OC in VA is legal" as an answer from dispatch.

What if instead of early evening, it is 1AM, and I am also carrying a flashlight, which I am using between street lights? (I work night shift, and maintain the same sleep schedule on my days off, but for the purpose of this scenario, you are not aware of this fact.)

If, in either scenario, you choose to stop and chat, assume that I am polite and courteous, but claim not to be carrying an ID, and decline to volunteer any details about why I am there, where I am going, or why I am armed. How would you handle the situation, and why?

OK... Some may not like my answer... But this is what could happen.


I am not sure if the shotgunis slug over your shoulder or if you are using a tactical team sling so it is ready for deployment. If you had a team sling going and holding it ready to deploy.... You would scare the hell out of me! If this was the case I would have the power to arrest you for brandishing.

VA State Code 18.2-282 It shall be unlawful for any person to point, hold or brandish any firearm whether capable of being fired or not, in such manner as to reasonably induce fear in the mind of another...

It israre to see anyone doing what you have described. Because you are armed with a handgun and a shotgunI would beconcerned with what your intentions were.I have an obligation to act upon what I have observed and protect the public from any potential harm. I would need some reassurancethat you are not about to commit a crime.This could easily be accomplished through complete cooperation on your part.


Your refusal to provide any reasoning for possessing the firearmsand your refusal to provide any identifying information would further my belief that you are about to commit a crime, just committed a crime, were wanted, or were avoiding some other legal process.

Based on this situation I have a legitimate and valid reason to ask for your name and identifyinginformation. Even thought you may not have not committed a crime you are preventing a law enforcement officer from doing their job.

There is no violationoftheFourth Amendment here. The Supreme Court hasheld that an identity request has a direct relation to a stop’s purpose, rationale, and practical demands.

There is no violation of the Fifth Amendment’s prohibition on self-incrimination either. The Supreme Court hasconcluded that disclosure of you name and identity presented no reasonable danger of incrimination. Your cannot be arrested for your name and birthday. It could lead to your arrest if you have warrants outstanding.



[align=left]In 2004 by a vote of 5 to 4, the Supreme Court ruled that Larry Dudley Hiibel's constitutional rights to be free of unreasonable arrest and to remain silent were not violated when Deputy Lee Dove arrested him for refusing to give his name after Dove stopped Hiibel and questioned him.

VA State Code 18.2-460If any person without just cause knowingly obstructs any law-enforcement officer in the performance of his duties as such...

If you chose to be unreasonable and not provide your identifying information I would consider your action as blocking my investigation andmay decideto take action byarresting you for obstruction of justice.

Definition: Modern obstruction of justice,refers to the crime of offering interference of any sort to the work of police, investigators, regulatory agencies, prosecutors, or othergovernment officials. Often, no actual investigation or substantiated suspicion of a specific incident need exist to support a charge of obstruction of justice.

If you explained that you like to be armed while returning home after work and gave me your ID I am confident that you would be on your way as soon as I checked your statusin the computer.
[/align]
 

HankT

State Researcher
Joined
Feb 20, 2007
Messages
6,215
Location
Invisible Mode
imported post

Hawkflyer wrote:
You are of course correct in this assertion. But I have heard to much bravado from too many people who have obviously not been in a shoot/no shoot situation (although to the credit of this forum I have not see a lot of it here). Perhaps I could have chosen my words better, but this is not about bravado and what someone else would have done to this kid. What we are discussing is areas of probable cause for justifiable shootings.
...
It was not my intent to prevent people from speaking, only to channel the discussion to the topic.
Ahh, I see now why you were concerned about certain potential comments. Thanksfor explaining that, sir. I have seen some of that bravado too, here and elsewhereand I see much negativity in it. Frankly, I despise it. And I was concerned about the flimsy "in the end you weren't there so don't criticize the actions of someone" gambit that I've seen elsewhere that is merely a dodge of responsibilIty. Obviously, you had no such intentions. Sorry for the insinuation that you might be against open and critical discussion.
 

jimwyant

Regular Member
Joined
Jul 8, 2006
Messages
342
Location
Mebane, North Carolina, USA
imported post

Thanks for your response, LEO229. I appreciate the time you took to answer. The "sling" situation I had in mind was something like this:

Rifleman.jpg


If I didn't have the long gun, how would your response differ?
 

LEO 229

Regular Member
Joined
Feb 21, 2007
Messages
7,606
Location
USA
imported post

jimwyant wrote:
Thanks for your response, LEO229. I appreciate the time you took to answer. The "sling" situation I had in mind was something like this:
If I didn't have the long gun, how would your response differ?

Knowing you are permitted to openly carry and it is late at night... I would assume you were protecting yourself as I know more crimes happen during the hours of darkness. I also know that the bad guy does not display his gun in a holster while out hunting for a victim to rob. The bad guy almost always keeps it in the waistband of the pants... either in the front above his "unit" or in the small of his back.

I would make a mental note of your physical description, wave to you.. and keep on driving. If I was bored... I might stop and make friendly chat with you and see what you were packing out of curiosity.. just because I love guns. In speaking with you... it would let me know you are "OK" and not a mental out to cause harm.


Nowif a citizen called to complain about youand demanded an officerto check on you, Iwould bedispatched andhave an obligation to speak with you.If I didn't... the citizen may call back to report... "all the officer did was drive by and NEVER stopped that guy" orask"What was he doing? Why did he have that gun?" How would it look if my answer to the citizen was.. "I don't know, I never talked to him." The citizen would be very upset the police failed to do anything with what they perceived as a "danger to the community."

If the citizen gets upset I am sure a complaint would soonfollow. I have to consider the following... do I not talk to you and get complained on for failing to investigate or stop you and check you out as I would do with any other suspicious person call NOT having a gun. I see no harm in checking you out and anyone that openly carries should knowthere is the potential for police contact.

I would find it very suspicious for an ADULT to not provide their name when asked. We exchange names all the time when we meet people for the first time so it is not a secret.Not providing yours would make me tobelievethat youprobably have outstanding warrants or youare doing something wrong you do not want discovered.

A Quick Story... In 1997 I worked a case were a male subjectin his 20''s was walking his dog. He and another homeowner exchanged words about their dogs barking at each other every time he walked by. The subject made comments to the homeowner advising he was going to firebomb his house... a seriousfelony.

I was given a description of the subject and his dog and often checked the neighborhood. One day, I saw "a citizen" walking his dog minding his own business. He and the dog matched the physical description I had been given soI approached him and introduced myself. I advised that I was conducting an investigationand requested he provide his ID so I knewwho I was talking to.

Heasked what would happen to him if he refused to provide his identity and walked away.He was a law student and had been toldhe did not need to talk to the police. I advised that I hadsuspected he had committed a crime and I could not simply let him walk away. I further advised Ihadthe authority todetain him until I was confident he was not the person I was looking for. Hecould be arrested for obstruction and his dog would be taken to the animal shelter.

He quickly realized the totality of his situation and immediately provided his identification.He stated he was the subject that had the words with the neighborand provided his side of things ultimately avoiding the felony charge.

The point being... the police have a job to do. Somecitizens have the belief that they can just turn and walk away to avoid contact or they do not need to provide their identity because they are protected by the constitution. This is simply not the case and often times creates more problems for them.

I hope this helps. :D
 

Mike

Site Co-Founder
Joined
May 13, 2006
Messages
8,706
Location
Fairfax County, Virginia, USA
imported post

LEO 229 wrote:
I would find it very suspicious for an ADULT to not provide their name when asked. We exchange names all the time when we meet people for the first time so it is not a secret.Not providing yours would make me tobelievethat youprobably have outstanding warrants or youare doing something wrong you do not want discovered.

A Quick Story... In 1997 I worked a case were a male subjectin his 20''s was walking his dog. He and another homeowner exchanged words about their dogs barking at each other every time he walked by. The subject made comments to the homeowner advising he was going to firebomb his house... a seriousfelony.

I was given a description of the subject and his dog and often checked the neighborhood. One day, I saw "a citizen" walking his dog minding his own business. He and the dog matched the physical description I had been given soI approached him and introduced myself. I advised that I was conducting an investigationand requested he provide his ID so I knewwho I was talking to.

Heasked what would happen to him if he refused to provide his identity and walked away.He was a law student and had been toldhe did not need to talk to the police. I advised that I hadsuspected he had committed a crime and I could not simply let him walk away. I further advised Ihadthe authority todetain him until I was confident he was not the person I was looking for. Hecould be arrested for obstruction and his dog would be taken to the animal shelter. . . .Somecitizens have the belief that they can just turn and walk away to avoid contact or they do not need to provide their identity because they are protected by the constitution. This is simply not the case and often times creates more problems for them.
Had you done this, then you, LEO 229 would have broken the law. A "Law-enforcement officer conducting lawful stop to investigate alleged criminal activity may not arrest for obstruction of justice suspect who refuses to identify himself to officer." VA AG OP 2002-82 at http://www.oag.state.va.us/Opinions/2002opns/02-082.pdf.

Assuming for the sake of argument that you had individualized suspicion, at most, you could have lawfully conducted a brief non-intrusive investigative stop under Terry, but even then, that's stretchin' it. You did not have a warrant for arrest, so even a "reasonable" period of detition to ascertain your suspect's identity, per the AG's FN 11, would not apply.

So it is clear that citizens can lawfully just turn and walk away to avoid contact with LEOs and they do not need to carry IDs or provide their identity because they are protected by the constitution.

Think of it this way LEO 229 - what is the test of valid consent? A subject's consent to a search is only valid if the subject could reasonably have believed that they could refuse consent, and under most of the fact patterns you should have been exposed to in the Police Academy, the test is, "Could a reasonble person have believed they could have walked away from the police?"

Hence, this Constitutional test itself proves the invalidity of your statement that citizens cannot legally "just turn and walk away to avoid contact [with LEOs]."
 

vtme_grad98

Regular Member
Joined
Sep 21, 2006
Messages
385
Location
Virginia Beach, VA, ,
imported post

In the situation described, the guy matched the description of someone who threatened to commit a felony. That sounds like probable cause to me. However, what isn't clear from your post is if you were only applying that standard to the guy with the dog, or any citizen that chooses to not want to talk with an officer.
 

apjonas

Regular Member
Joined
Jun 11, 2006
Messages
1,157
Location
, ,
imported post

Hiibel needs to be reread. There was a state law that required give one's name during a Terry encounter (not showing ID, not answering questions). If the state in which you are located has no such law (or has a law to the contrary like Virginia), they you cannot be prosecuted for refusing to give your name. Whether or not you choose to do so is another matter. In any encounter less than Terry, EVEN in Nevada and other "stop and identify" states, you do not even need to give your name and indeed are free to walk away from the encounter. Of course, it is important to establish the nature of the encounter. Simply state - "I don't wish to talk to you. Am I required to stop and talk with you?" Answer - No. You go on your way. Answer - Yes. You are Terry stopped and the burden in now on the LEO to show that it was legitimate. Any disagrement with this LEOxxx?
 

Mike

Site Co-Founder
Joined
May 13, 2006
Messages
8,706
Location
Fairfax County, Virginia, USA
imported post

apjonas wrote:
Hiibel needs to be reread.
I also think Hiible needs to be revisited and overturned. Hiible was a 5-4 decision upholding a 4-3 NV SC decision - and it makes no sense - the opinion talks about a 5th Amend. bad guy exception - huh? The constitution protects everybody from unreasonable intrusion - not just bad guys. Hiible makes no sense.

I say it's time to go back to the original "binding" of the 4th and 5th amendments into a very strong privacy/liberty protections as the SCOTUS at one time seem to strongly hold. See Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886) at http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=116&invol=616.
 

LEO 229

Regular Member
Joined
Feb 21, 2007
Messages
7,606
Location
USA
imported post

apjonas wrote:
In any encounter less than Terry, EVEN in Nevada and other "stop and identify" states, you do not even need to give your name and indeed are free to walk away from the encounter.
You are Terry stopped and the burden in now on the LEO to show that it was legitimate.
I would agree that the police cannot just stop anyone if there no reasonable suspicion of any kind.

If you are stopped under Terry, the LEO shouldearly in the contact advise why the person is being stopped.
 

LEO 229

Regular Member
Joined
Feb 21, 2007
Messages
7,606
Location
USA
imported post

Mike wrote:
Had you done this, then you, LEO 229 would have broken the law.
Assuming for the sake of argument that you had individualized suspicion, at most, you could have lawfully conducted a brief non-intrusive investigative stop under Terry, but even then, that's stretchin' it. You did not have a warrant for arrest, so even a "reasonable" period of detition to ascertain your suspect's identity, per the AG's FN 11, would not apply.
So it is clear that citizens can lawfully just turn and walk away to avoid contact with LEOs and they do not need to carry IDs or provide their identity because they are protected by the constitution.

I do not believe any law would have broken had I actually charged him. Granted the charge might not stick.. it would still have been valid.Can you show me something more than an opinion?

The 2002 document you referenced is only an advisory opinion. The terms used in the document are carefully selected such as "may not" instead of "cannot" or "shall not" so I conclude that this document drafted five years after my event was not a legal decision.

The document does go on to advise that depending on the circumstances there may be justification to detain a subject for the purpose of determining his identity. So the notion that someone can just walk away from a LEO may evolve into a lengthily investigative detention until the identify was obtained.

In my event,the investigative detentionwould haveafforded the time necessary to get in touch with the victim who could respond to my locationmaking a positive identification.
 

LEO 229

Regular Member
Joined
Feb 21, 2007
Messages
7,606
Location
USA
imported post

Mike wrote:
I also think Hiible needs to be revisited and overturned. Hiible was a 5-4 decision upholding a 4-3 NV SC decision - and it makes no sense - the opinion talks about a 5th Amend. bad guy exception - huh? The constitution protects everybody from unreasonable intrusion - not just bad guys. Hiible makes no sense.

I say it's time to go back to the original "binding" of the 4th and 5th amendments into a very strong privacy/liberty protections as the SCOTUS at one time seem to strongly hold. See Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886) at http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=116&invol=616.

If suspects are not legally required to identify themselves, what could an officer do if a suspicious person were loitering outside a daycare center or school? Perhaps that person is a sex offender. How are officers to enforce restraining orders? Or, how are officers to enforce curfew laws for minors without a requirement to produce identification? In these situations, it is the observable conduct that creates a reasonable suspicion, but it is the requirement to produce identification that enables an officer to determine whether the suspect is breaking the law.

A name, which is neutral and non-incriminating information, is somehow an invasion of privacy is untenable. Such an invasion is minimal at best. The suspect is not required to provide private details about his background, but merely to state his name to an officer when reasonable suspicion exists. The Supreme Court held it reasonable for officers to pat down and frisk a person during an investigative stop. As the Court recognized in Terry v. Ohio, "it would be unreasonable to require that police officers take unnecessary risks in the performance of their duties." Requiring identification is far less intrusive than conducting a pat down search of one's physical person.
 

LEO 229

Regular Member
Joined
Feb 21, 2007
Messages
7,606
Location
USA
imported post

vtme_grad98 wrote:
In the situation described, the guy matched the description of someone who threatened to commit a felony. That sounds like probable cause to me. However, what isn't clear from your post is if you were only applying that standard to the guy with the dog, or any citizen that chooses to not want to talk with an officer.

The correlation was that a citizen can be stopped if there is a justifiable reason andneed to providetheir name before being released. :)

I was 99.99% positive I had the right guyand was not about to let himwalk awayafter to took so long to locate him. Now that he knew I was looking for him I felt he would hide from me and I would never find him again.
 

apjonas

Regular Member
Joined
Jun 11, 2006
Messages
1,157
Location
, ,
imported post

LEO 229 wrote:
Mike wrote:
I also think Hiible needs to be revisited and overturned. Hiible was a 5-4 decision upholding a 4-3 NV SC decision - and it makes no sense - the opinion talks about a 5th Amend. bad guy exception - huh? The constitution protects everybody from unreasonable intrusion - not just bad guys. Hiible makes no sense.

I say it's time to go back to the original "binding" of the 4th and 5th amendments into a very strong privacy/liberty protections as the SCOTUS at one time seem to strongly hold. See Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886) at http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=116&invol=616.

If suspects are not legally required to identify themselves, what could an officer do if a suspicious person were loitering outside a daycare center or school? Perhaps that person is a sex offender. How are officers to enforce restraining orders? Or, how are officers to enforce curfew laws for minors without a requirement to produce identification? In these situations, it is the observable conduct that creates a reasonable suspicion, but it is the requirement to produce identification that enables an officer to determine whether the suspect is breaking the law.

A name, which is neutral and non-incriminating information, is somehow an invasion of privacy is untenable. Such an invasion is minimal at best. The suspect is not required to provide private details about his background, but merely to state his name to an officer when reasonable suspicion exists. The Supreme Court held it reasonable for officers to pat down and frisk a person during an investigative stop. As the Court recognized in Terry v. Ohio, "it would be unreasonable to require that police officers take unnecessary risks in the performance of their duties." Requiring identification is far less intrusive than conducting a pat down search of one's physical person.


1. Even Hiibel understands that a name may be incriminating and that the 5th Amendment is not limited to the courtroom. Again it is the existence of reasonable suspicion that tips the balance. I expect that Hiibel will be modfied (not overturned).

2. The reason that "bad guys" are in a different situationis that you as a "good guy"are not incriminated by stating your name. Of course, I've met people named John Dillinger, David Berkowitz, Ted Bundy and Al(bert) Capone so there's always a chance of confusion.

2. It is NOT always reasonable for a LEO to conduct a patdown and Terry doesn't say otherwise. For instance stopping a guy on PCH, wearing only swim trunks. And please no jokes about "suspicious bulges."
 

apjonas

Regular Member
Joined
Jun 11, 2006
Messages
1,157
Location
, ,
imported post

Mike wrote:
LEO 229 wrote:
I would find it very suspicious for an ADULT to not provide their name when asked. We exchange names all the time when we meet people for the first time so it is not a secret.Not providing yours would make me tobelievethat youprobably have outstanding warrants or youare doing something wrong you do not want discovered.
It does not matter what youor I find suspicious.

A Quick Story... In 1997 I worked a case were a male subjectin his 20''s was walking his dog. He and another homeowner exchanged words about their dogs barking at each other every time he walked by. The subject made comments to the homeowner advising he was going to firebomb his house... a seriousfelony.

I was given a description of the subject and his dog and often checked the neighborhood. One day, I saw "a citizen" walking his dog minding his own business. He and the dog matched the physical description I had been given soI approached him and introduced myself. I advised that I was conducting an investigationand requested he provide his ID so I knewwho I was talking to.

Heasked what would happen to him if he refused to provide his identity and walked away.He was a law student and had been toldhe did not need to talk to the police. I advised that I hadsuspected he had committed a crime and I could not simply let him walk away. I further advised Ihadthe authority todetain him until I was confident he was not the person I was looking for. Hecould be arrested for obstruction and his dog would be taken to the animal shelter. . . .Somecitizens have the belief that they can just turn and walk away to avoid contact or they do not need to provide their identity because they are protected by the constitution. This is simply not the case and often times creates more problems for them.
Of course in this case you had RS. The law student did exactlythe correct thing. Determine whether you had RS or were just fishing. Everybody should stop conflating the various situations because the answer is different in each case. The AG opinion deals with whether or not a person is required to identify (whether this is oral or documentary is unclear). Absent any other reason, a LEO cannot arrest on that basis. However the person may be detained (details sketchy) in order to ascertain identity. Each case would be fact specific and it doesn't appear that there is a lot of case law. In any event, I don't know if an AGO is binding upon courts in Virginia. I would think not.
Had you done this, then you, LEO 229 would have broken the law. A "Law-enforcement officer conducting lawful stop to investigate alleged criminal activity may not arrest for obstruction of justice suspect who refuses to identify himself to officer." VA AG OP 2002-82 at http://www.oag.state.va.us/Opinions/2002opns/02-082.pdf.

Assuming for the sake of argument that you had individualized suspicion, at most, you could have lawfully conducted a brief non-intrusive investigative stop under Terry, but even then, that's stretchin' it. You did not have a warrant for arrest, so even a "reasonable" period of detition to ascertain your suspect's identity, per the AG's FN 11, would not apply.

So it is clear that citizens can lawfully just turn and walk away to avoid contact with LEOs and they do not need to carry IDs or provide their identity because they are protected by the constitution.

Think of it this way LEO 229 - what is the test of valid consent? A subject's consent to a search is only valid if the subject could reasonably have believed that they could refuse consent, and under most of the fact patterns you should have been exposed to in the Police Academy, the test is, "Could a reasonble person have believed they could have walked away from the police?"

Hence, this Constitutional test itself proves the invalidity of your statement that citizens cannot legally "just turn and walk away to avoid contact [with LEOs]."
 
Top